Post by Deleted on Aug 17, 2021 16:22:03 GMT
I get tired of the crap from punks like JMA, so now its time for a lesson.
Todays lesson is:
Whites Have Recieved Government Handouts Since America Was a British Colony
Yeah that's right. We're talking about 403 years of handouts to whites. I hate to bust the right wing bubble, but whiytes don't have anything without the help of government. White government dependency has lasted from before this was America.
In 1618, the Virginia colony passed "the Great Charter of privileges, orders, and laws." Among these laws was a provision that any person who settled in Virginia or paid for the transportation of another person to settle in Virginia would get fifty acres of land for each immigrant.
The Headright System
Colonists already residing in Virginia were granted two headrights, meaning two tracts of 50 acres each, or a total of 100 acres of land.
New settlers who paid their own passage to Virginia were granted one headright. Since every person who entered the colony received a headright, families were encouraged to migrate together.
Wealthy individuals could accumulate headrights by paying for the passage of poor individuals. Most of the workers who entered Virginia under this arrangement came as indentured servants — people who paid for their transportation by pledging to perform five to seven years of labor for the landowner.
The ability to amass large plots of land by importing workers provided the basis for an emerging aristocracy in Virginia. Plantation owners were further enriched by receiving headrights for newly imported slaves.
www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1153.html
The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of this land. Included in the constitution is the 3/5th’s compromise. The Three-Fifths Compromise is found in Article 1, Section 2, Clause 3 of the United States Constitution. It says: “Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other Persons.”
On March 26, 1790, the United States of America decided who could be a citizen of this country for the first time. This was a congressional decision named The Naturalization Act of 1790. The act states: “any alien, being a free white person,” could apply for citizenship, so long as he or she lived in the United States for at least two years, and in the state where the application was filed for a minimum of one year. This law also provided that “children of citizens of the United States that may be born … out of the limits of the United States shall be considered as natural-born citizens.”
One of the greatest miscarriages of justice in this nation’s history was a direct rebuttal to the claim of all men are created equal called Dred Scott v. Sandford. I am not going into all the particulars of this case. I am not a law professional or legal expert. The court’s opinion says all you need to know. “A black man has no rights a white man is bound to respect.”
There was a series of acts beginning in 1850 that primarily provided whites with one of the greatest government economic assistance programs ever. These acts gave over one million Americans land basically for free as an incentive to move west.
“And be it further enacted, That to all white male citizens of the United States or persons who shall have made a declaration of intention to become such, above the age of twenty-one years, emigrating to and settling in said Territory between the first day of December, eighteen hundred and fifty, and the first day of December, eighteen hundred and fifty-three; and to all white male citizens, not hereinbefore provided for, becoming one and twenty years of age, in said Territory, and settling there between the times last aforesaid, who shall in other respects comply with the foregoing section and the provisions of this law, there shall be, and hereby is, granted the quantity of one quarter section, or one hundred and sixty acres of land, if a single man; or if married, or if he shall become married within one year after becoming twenty-one years of age as aforesaid, the quantity of one half section, or three hundred and twenty acres, one half to the husband and the other half to the wife in her own right, to be designated by the surveyor-general as aforesaid: Provided always, That no person shall ever receive a patent for more than one donation of land in said Territory in his or her own right: Provided, That no mineral lands shall be located or granted under the provisions of this act.”
The Donation Land Claim Act of 1850, Section 5
This act gave FREE land to whites to settle in what is now Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and parts of Wyoming and Montana. This land was given away from 1850 until 1854. In 1854 the government decided to charge 1.25 per acre. The law expired in 1855. Also, several government programs were created to help whites in this westward expansion.
"At the very same time that America refused to give the Negro any land, through an act of Congress our government was giving away millions of acres of land in the West and the Midwest, which meant it was willing to undergird its white peasants from Europe with an economic floor."
Passed in 1862, The Homestead Acts gave away 246 million acres of land. To qualify for Homestead land a person had to be a citizenof the United States and blacks were not given citizenship until 1866. Research shows that 99.73 percent of that land went to whites, including white immigrants. 1.5 million white families were given free land or the equivalent of a minimum of $500,000 per family. Today 93 million whites still live on homestead land, which is at least 40 percent of the white population in America. That land has helped whites accumulate the wealth they have today.
"But not only did they give them land, they built land grant colleges with government money to teach them how to farm. Not only that, they provided county agents to further their expertise in farming. Not only that, they provided low interest rates in order that they could mechanize their farms."
"Not only that, today many of these people are receiving millions of dollars in federal subsidies not to farm, and they are the very people telling the black man that he ought to lift himself by his own bootstraps. And this is what we are faced with, and this is the reality."
Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.
For those who do not understand the reality of how the past extends into today, I present you with the Morrill Act of 1862. Early American society was based on agriculture. By the mid-1800s, the U.S. population was more than 80 percent rural. So as Dr. King so eloquently described, the government saw the need to provide education and services to assist whites moving west to help them survive on the free land the government provided. Because of that, the United States Congress passed the Morrill Act of 1862, better known as the Land Grant Act. The act gave each state 30,000 acres of land per senator that was to be used to provide education in agriculture, home economics, mechanical arts, or any other profession available during that time in America. They used the grants of land to build colleges, thus Land Grant colleges are one result of the Morrill Act.
These land grants established white economic advancement and as Dr. King said, they established an economic floor for the European immigrants that entered America. At the same time, blacks were freed from slavery, and that economic floor was ripped out from under them thanks to President Andrew Johnson.
On April 16, 1895, the United States Supreme Court rendered another one of the sorriest decisions in American history. It is known as Plessy vs. Ferguson. From this decision came the principle of separate but equal. This decision was steeped in racism because it determined that blacks were not worthy to be in the same facilities and that racial segregation was fine just as long as equal facilities existed for blacks. So while whites believed blacks were inferior, they were supposed to make certain that blacks and whites had equal facilities even if the races were to stay apart. States made certain to enforce the separate part, but the equal never came.
The National Housing Act was a law passed by Congress and signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1934. This law created the Federal Housing Administration or the FHA. The National Housing Act is probably the policy that has provided the greatest impact on individual wealth accumulation in modern America. Unfortunately, the formation of the FHA and its guaranteed loan program only worked to increase white advantage.
Between 1934 and 1968, the FHA implemented and put into practice a policy that still negatively impacts communities today. It began by publishing The Underwriting Manual which set the guidelines real estate agents used to assess the value and creditworthiness of different homes and neighborhoods. This manual promoted racist real estate practices by defending racially restrictive covenants and segregated communities. Due to this manual, the FHA was able to establish a neighborhood grading system based purely on false racist perceptions.
Redlining was the name of that grading system.
The Social Security Act of 1935 created the Social Security program, state unemployment insurance, and assistance to single women with children. Today most Americans love the program. However, when the act was signed, the law was made to exclude occupations that were mainly occupied by blacks. When President Roosevelt signed the law, 65 percent of blacks in America were ineligible. So for years a majority of blacks were excluded from social security savings and could not get unemployment. Aid
Time out! Hold up! Whoa! Let’s take a short break from the action to talk about the assistance to single women with children part of the Social Security Act. Title 4 or IV of the social security act of 1935 called for grants in aid to be provided to each state as Aid To Dependent Children. “ For the purpose of enabling each State to furnish financial assistance, as far as practicable under the conditions in such State, to needy dependent children, there is hereby authorized to be appropriated for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1936, the sum of $24,750,000, and there is hereby authorized to be appropriated for each fiscal year thereafter a sum sufficient to carry out the purposes of this title. The sums made available under this section shall be used for making payments to States which have submitted, and had approved by the Board, State plans for aid to dependent children.”
Eventually the name of the program was changed to Aid to Families with Dependent Children. This was welfare folks. Assistance for single moms with children without daddy at home. In 1935. Blacks were excluded.
The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 created the minimum wage and time and a half overtime pay for working over forty hours a week. Child labor was eliminated by this act. In every law that was passed as part of The New Deal, Roosevelt had to make a compromise with southern representatives to get the votes he needed. In the case of the FLSA, he decided that industries would be excluded from the regulations where the majority of workers were black. Because of this, blacks were paid less than the minimum wage.
“I'm the beneficiary of the biggest affirmative action program in American history: A free education, a loan for a house. But black veterans didn't get it. We got made middle class by our government program.”
The Rev. Jim Wallis
I as a layman ordinary average joe can point to 3 specific instances where whatever government was in power, whether a colonial or constitutional republic, provided direct economic stimulus or assistance primarily to whites. Headrights, The Homestead Acts, and the New Deal to include the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act.
On June 22, 1944, President Roosevelt signed the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act, better known as the G.I. Bill. This law provided benefits for veterans returning from the Second World War. Funds were paid for college tuition, low-cost home loans, and unemployment insurance. As in every other program during this time southern congressmen fought passage of these laws unless there were provisions that limited access to blacks. The G.I Bill was no different.
The reality of the G.I. Bill is that black veterans were sabotaged at nearly every opportunity. Due to the racism in our society that overflowed into the military, blacks were disproportionately dishonorably discharged. Dishonorable discharge disqualified veterans from benefits, so that stopped some black veterans. Acts by white terrorists were committed against black veterans. Some black veterans survived the war, came home, tried to use the benefits they so rightfully earned, and ended up getting lynched. Due to segregation, black veterans could often not access the same classes or training as their white counterparts. When the VA wasn’t trying to send black veterans to vocational schools, it was sending the large majority of them to black colleges that had been underfunded since the 1890 Morrill Act and the Plessy decision.
Northern universities were slow to admit blacks. “In 1947, some 70,000 African American veterans were unable to obtain admission to crowded, under-resourced black colleges. The University of Pennsylvania—one of the least-discriminatory schools at the time—enrolled only 40 African American students in its 1946 student body of 9,000.” Southern universities? Forget about it. “After World War II, blacks wanting to attend college in the South were restricted to about 100 public and private schools, few of which offered education beyond the baccalaureate and more than a quarter of which were junior colleges, with the highest degree below the B.A.”
Without these programs whites would have little or nothing So when idiots talk about free stuff for black votes and all the other standard white racist bullshit, understand that whites have been given free stuff since 1618.
Brad Plumer, A second look at Social Security’s racist origins, Washington Post, June 3, 2013, www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/06/03/a-second-look-at-social-securitys-racist-origins/
Larry DeWitt, The Decision to Exclude Agricultural and Domestic Workers from the 1935 Social Security Act, Social Security Bulletin, Vol. 70, No. 4, 2010
The Social Security Act of 1935, www.ssa.gov/history/35act.html
Johnathan Grossman, Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938: Maximum Struggle for a Minimum Wage, U.S. Department of Labor, www.dol.gov/general/aboutdol/history/flsa1938
Richard Rothstein, Color of Law, New York: Liveright Publishing, 2017, pp 4-14
James Chen, National Housing Act, Updated Sep 3, 2019, www.investopedia.com/terms/n/national-housing-act.asp
Alexis C. Madrigal, The Racist Housing Policy That Made Your Neighborhood, The Atlantic, May 22, 2014, www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/05/the-racist-housing-policy-that-made-your-neighborhood/371439/
Erin Blakemore, How the GI Bill's Promise Was Denied to a Million Black WWII Veterans, www.history.com/news/gi-bill-black-wwii-veterans-benefits, June 21, 2019
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (G.I. Bill), totallyhistory.com/servicemens-readjustment-act-g-i-bill/
Brandon Weber, How African American WWII Veterans Were Scorned By the G.I. Bill, The Progressive, November 10, 2017, progressive.org/dispatches/how-african-american-wwii-veterans-were-scorned-by-the-g-i-b/
Sally Kohn, Affirmative Action Has Helped White Women More Than Anyone, Time, JUNE 17, 2013, time.com/4884132/affirmative-action-civil-rights-white-women/#:~:text=But%20study%20after%20study%20shows%20that%20affirmative%20action,affirmative%20action%20helps%20the%20most%20in%20America%20today.
Fact Sheet: Affirmative Action and What It Means for Women, July 1, 2000, The National Womens Law Center, nwlc.org/resources/affirmative-action-and-what-it-means-women/
Tim Wise, Is Sisterhood Conditional?: White Women and the Rollback of Affirmative Action, September 23, 1998, www.timwise.org/1998/09/is-sisterhood-conditional-white-women-and-the-rollback-of-affirmative-action/
Todays lesson is:
Whites Have Recieved Government Handouts Since America Was a British Colony
Yeah that's right. We're talking about 403 years of handouts to whites. I hate to bust the right wing bubble, but whiytes don't have anything without the help of government. White government dependency has lasted from before this was America.
In 1618, the Virginia colony passed "the Great Charter of privileges, orders, and laws." Among these laws was a provision that any person who settled in Virginia or paid for the transportation of another person to settle in Virginia would get fifty acres of land for each immigrant.
The Headright System
Colonists already residing in Virginia were granted two headrights, meaning two tracts of 50 acres each, or a total of 100 acres of land.
New settlers who paid their own passage to Virginia were granted one headright. Since every person who entered the colony received a headright, families were encouraged to migrate together.
Wealthy individuals could accumulate headrights by paying for the passage of poor individuals. Most of the workers who entered Virginia under this arrangement came as indentured servants — people who paid for their transportation by pledging to perform five to seven years of labor for the landowner.
The ability to amass large plots of land by importing workers provided the basis for an emerging aristocracy in Virginia. Plantation owners were further enriched by receiving headrights for newly imported slaves.
www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1153.html
The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of this land. Included in the constitution is the 3/5th’s compromise. The Three-Fifths Compromise is found in Article 1, Section 2, Clause 3 of the United States Constitution. It says: “Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other Persons.”
On March 26, 1790, the United States of America decided who could be a citizen of this country for the first time. This was a congressional decision named The Naturalization Act of 1790. The act states: “any alien, being a free white person,” could apply for citizenship, so long as he or she lived in the United States for at least two years, and in the state where the application was filed for a minimum of one year. This law also provided that “children of citizens of the United States that may be born … out of the limits of the United States shall be considered as natural-born citizens.”
One of the greatest miscarriages of justice in this nation’s history was a direct rebuttal to the claim of all men are created equal called Dred Scott v. Sandford. I am not going into all the particulars of this case. I am not a law professional or legal expert. The court’s opinion says all you need to know. “A black man has no rights a white man is bound to respect.”
There was a series of acts beginning in 1850 that primarily provided whites with one of the greatest government economic assistance programs ever. These acts gave over one million Americans land basically for free as an incentive to move west.
“And be it further enacted, That to all white male citizens of the United States or persons who shall have made a declaration of intention to become such, above the age of twenty-one years, emigrating to and settling in said Territory between the first day of December, eighteen hundred and fifty, and the first day of December, eighteen hundred and fifty-three; and to all white male citizens, not hereinbefore provided for, becoming one and twenty years of age, in said Territory, and settling there between the times last aforesaid, who shall in other respects comply with the foregoing section and the provisions of this law, there shall be, and hereby is, granted the quantity of one quarter section, or one hundred and sixty acres of land, if a single man; or if married, or if he shall become married within one year after becoming twenty-one years of age as aforesaid, the quantity of one half section, or three hundred and twenty acres, one half to the husband and the other half to the wife in her own right, to be designated by the surveyor-general as aforesaid: Provided always, That no person shall ever receive a patent for more than one donation of land in said Territory in his or her own right: Provided, That no mineral lands shall be located or granted under the provisions of this act.”
The Donation Land Claim Act of 1850, Section 5
This act gave FREE land to whites to settle in what is now Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and parts of Wyoming and Montana. This land was given away from 1850 until 1854. In 1854 the government decided to charge 1.25 per acre. The law expired in 1855. Also, several government programs were created to help whites in this westward expansion.
"At the very same time that America refused to give the Negro any land, through an act of Congress our government was giving away millions of acres of land in the West and the Midwest, which meant it was willing to undergird its white peasants from Europe with an economic floor."
Passed in 1862, The Homestead Acts gave away 246 million acres of land. To qualify for Homestead land a person had to be a citizenof the United States and blacks were not given citizenship until 1866. Research shows that 99.73 percent of that land went to whites, including white immigrants. 1.5 million white families were given free land or the equivalent of a minimum of $500,000 per family. Today 93 million whites still live on homestead land, which is at least 40 percent of the white population in America. That land has helped whites accumulate the wealth they have today.
"But not only did they give them land, they built land grant colleges with government money to teach them how to farm. Not only that, they provided county agents to further their expertise in farming. Not only that, they provided low interest rates in order that they could mechanize their farms."
"Not only that, today many of these people are receiving millions of dollars in federal subsidies not to farm, and they are the very people telling the black man that he ought to lift himself by his own bootstraps. And this is what we are faced with, and this is the reality."
Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.
For those who do not understand the reality of how the past extends into today, I present you with the Morrill Act of 1862. Early American society was based on agriculture. By the mid-1800s, the U.S. population was more than 80 percent rural. So as Dr. King so eloquently described, the government saw the need to provide education and services to assist whites moving west to help them survive on the free land the government provided. Because of that, the United States Congress passed the Morrill Act of 1862, better known as the Land Grant Act. The act gave each state 30,000 acres of land per senator that was to be used to provide education in agriculture, home economics, mechanical arts, or any other profession available during that time in America. They used the grants of land to build colleges, thus Land Grant colleges are one result of the Morrill Act.
These land grants established white economic advancement and as Dr. King said, they established an economic floor for the European immigrants that entered America. At the same time, blacks were freed from slavery, and that economic floor was ripped out from under them thanks to President Andrew Johnson.
On April 16, 1895, the United States Supreme Court rendered another one of the sorriest decisions in American history. It is known as Plessy vs. Ferguson. From this decision came the principle of separate but equal. This decision was steeped in racism because it determined that blacks were not worthy to be in the same facilities and that racial segregation was fine just as long as equal facilities existed for blacks. So while whites believed blacks were inferior, they were supposed to make certain that blacks and whites had equal facilities even if the races were to stay apart. States made certain to enforce the separate part, but the equal never came.
The National Housing Act was a law passed by Congress and signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1934. This law created the Federal Housing Administration or the FHA. The National Housing Act is probably the policy that has provided the greatest impact on individual wealth accumulation in modern America. Unfortunately, the formation of the FHA and its guaranteed loan program only worked to increase white advantage.
Between 1934 and 1968, the FHA implemented and put into practice a policy that still negatively impacts communities today. It began by publishing The Underwriting Manual which set the guidelines real estate agents used to assess the value and creditworthiness of different homes and neighborhoods. This manual promoted racist real estate practices by defending racially restrictive covenants and segregated communities. Due to this manual, the FHA was able to establish a neighborhood grading system based purely on false racist perceptions.
Redlining was the name of that grading system.
The Social Security Act of 1935 created the Social Security program, state unemployment insurance, and assistance to single women with children. Today most Americans love the program. However, when the act was signed, the law was made to exclude occupations that were mainly occupied by blacks. When President Roosevelt signed the law, 65 percent of blacks in America were ineligible. So for years a majority of blacks were excluded from social security savings and could not get unemployment. Aid
Time out! Hold up! Whoa! Let’s take a short break from the action to talk about the assistance to single women with children part of the Social Security Act. Title 4 or IV of the social security act of 1935 called for grants in aid to be provided to each state as Aid To Dependent Children. “ For the purpose of enabling each State to furnish financial assistance, as far as practicable under the conditions in such State, to needy dependent children, there is hereby authorized to be appropriated for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1936, the sum of $24,750,000, and there is hereby authorized to be appropriated for each fiscal year thereafter a sum sufficient to carry out the purposes of this title. The sums made available under this section shall be used for making payments to States which have submitted, and had approved by the Board, State plans for aid to dependent children.”
Eventually the name of the program was changed to Aid to Families with Dependent Children. This was welfare folks. Assistance for single moms with children without daddy at home. In 1935. Blacks were excluded.
The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 created the minimum wage and time and a half overtime pay for working over forty hours a week. Child labor was eliminated by this act. In every law that was passed as part of The New Deal, Roosevelt had to make a compromise with southern representatives to get the votes he needed. In the case of the FLSA, he decided that industries would be excluded from the regulations where the majority of workers were black. Because of this, blacks were paid less than the minimum wage.
“I'm the beneficiary of the biggest affirmative action program in American history: A free education, a loan for a house. But black veterans didn't get it. We got made middle class by our government program.”
The Rev. Jim Wallis
I as a layman ordinary average joe can point to 3 specific instances where whatever government was in power, whether a colonial or constitutional republic, provided direct economic stimulus or assistance primarily to whites. Headrights, The Homestead Acts, and the New Deal to include the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act.
On June 22, 1944, President Roosevelt signed the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act, better known as the G.I. Bill. This law provided benefits for veterans returning from the Second World War. Funds were paid for college tuition, low-cost home loans, and unemployment insurance. As in every other program during this time southern congressmen fought passage of these laws unless there were provisions that limited access to blacks. The G.I Bill was no different.
The reality of the G.I. Bill is that black veterans were sabotaged at nearly every opportunity. Due to the racism in our society that overflowed into the military, blacks were disproportionately dishonorably discharged. Dishonorable discharge disqualified veterans from benefits, so that stopped some black veterans. Acts by white terrorists were committed against black veterans. Some black veterans survived the war, came home, tried to use the benefits they so rightfully earned, and ended up getting lynched. Due to segregation, black veterans could often not access the same classes or training as their white counterparts. When the VA wasn’t trying to send black veterans to vocational schools, it was sending the large majority of them to black colleges that had been underfunded since the 1890 Morrill Act and the Plessy decision.
Northern universities were slow to admit blacks. “In 1947, some 70,000 African American veterans were unable to obtain admission to crowded, under-resourced black colleges. The University of Pennsylvania—one of the least-discriminatory schools at the time—enrolled only 40 African American students in its 1946 student body of 9,000.” Southern universities? Forget about it. “After World War II, blacks wanting to attend college in the South were restricted to about 100 public and private schools, few of which offered education beyond the baccalaureate and more than a quarter of which were junior colleges, with the highest degree below the B.A.”
Without these programs whites would have little or nothing So when idiots talk about free stuff for black votes and all the other standard white racist bullshit, understand that whites have been given free stuff since 1618.
Brad Plumer, A second look at Social Security’s racist origins, Washington Post, June 3, 2013, www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/06/03/a-second-look-at-social-securitys-racist-origins/
Larry DeWitt, The Decision to Exclude Agricultural and Domestic Workers from the 1935 Social Security Act, Social Security Bulletin, Vol. 70, No. 4, 2010
The Social Security Act of 1935, www.ssa.gov/history/35act.html
Johnathan Grossman, Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938: Maximum Struggle for a Minimum Wage, U.S. Department of Labor, www.dol.gov/general/aboutdol/history/flsa1938
Richard Rothstein, Color of Law, New York: Liveright Publishing, 2017, pp 4-14
James Chen, National Housing Act, Updated Sep 3, 2019, www.investopedia.com/terms/n/national-housing-act.asp
Alexis C. Madrigal, The Racist Housing Policy That Made Your Neighborhood, The Atlantic, May 22, 2014, www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/05/the-racist-housing-policy-that-made-your-neighborhood/371439/
Erin Blakemore, How the GI Bill's Promise Was Denied to a Million Black WWII Veterans, www.history.com/news/gi-bill-black-wwii-veterans-benefits, June 21, 2019
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (G.I. Bill), totallyhistory.com/servicemens-readjustment-act-g-i-bill/
Brandon Weber, How African American WWII Veterans Were Scorned By the G.I. Bill, The Progressive, November 10, 2017, progressive.org/dispatches/how-african-american-wwii-veterans-were-scorned-by-the-g-i-b/
Sally Kohn, Affirmative Action Has Helped White Women More Than Anyone, Time, JUNE 17, 2013, time.com/4884132/affirmative-action-civil-rights-white-women/#:~:text=But%20study%20after%20study%20shows%20that%20affirmative%20action,affirmative%20action%20helps%20the%20most%20in%20America%20today.
Fact Sheet: Affirmative Action and What It Means for Women, July 1, 2000, The National Womens Law Center, nwlc.org/resources/affirmative-action-and-what-it-means-women/
Tim Wise, Is Sisterhood Conditional?: White Women and the Rollback of Affirmative Action, September 23, 1998, www.timwise.org/1998/09/is-sisterhood-conditional-white-women-and-the-rollback-of-affirmative-action/
